Copied from Internet .hml file ? To .txt file ? 04-02-03 Jack L. Doan

Question

What is the fine-structure constant?

Asked by: Joshua Johnson

Answer

The fine-structure constant is a unitless numerical constant -

whose value is approximately equal to: 1/137. If fact the

exact value of the fine-structure constant is: 0.007297351 +/-

0.000000006. Accepted symbol for the fine-structure constant

is Greek alpha (). [Ref. 1]

What is the physical origin of this constant? Well, it is

related to the so called Fine Structure – closely spaced

groups of optical spectrum lines of elements like: hydrogen

and helium. These optical spectrum lines are in a way the

fingerprint of the element’s energy levels. Since the energy

levels of any given element are quantized (i.e. only discrete

energy levels are available) the optical spectrum appears as a

series of lines instead of a continuous spectrum. With each

such optical spectrum line one can associate three numbers:

n – the principal quantum number

l – the azimuthal quantum number

j – the angular momentum quantum number

(an additional quantum number also can be considered that will

give rise to spin-orbit interaction in atoms with more than

one electron)

Each group of spectral optical lines mentioned above has a

same n – number, but different values of l and j numbers.

According to P.A.M. Dirac’s relativistic quantum mechanics,

energy levels of a one-electron atom (hydrogen is a good

example) which have the same n and j numbers will coincide

exactly – but their value will be different from that

predicted by the Bohr’s theory by an amount that is

proportional to the square of the fine-structure constant

(alpha).

There have been deviations from Dirac’s theory discovered in

1947. Namely, the level having l=0 does not coincide with that

having l=1. This discrepancy was later named the Lamb shift

(after its discoverer Willis Lamb, Jr.) and is due to the

interaction of an electron with the zero-point fluctuations of

the electromagnetic field.

As mentioned above in a multi electron atom systems the

spin-orbit interaction becomes important too and the number of

optical spectrum lines in the groups becomes even more

numerous.

Update: August 2001 – Evidence published in the Physical

Review Letters that the fine structure constant may be

slightly different to what we believed.

Ref. 1: McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Physics, Second Edition

Answered by: Anton Skorucak, M.S. Physics, PhysLink.com

Creator

All rights reserved. 1Copyright ‘95-’02 PhysLink.com

“The electron has both an intrinsic electric electric field and an intrinsic magnetic field.

The electron’s intrinsic electromagnetic field has both energy and angular momentum.”

In Jack L. Doan’s concept angular momentum is energy also this Mod-1 ?

“In our book, we have the assumption that the electron has the electromagnetic origin,

the electron spin is the electron’s electromagnetic field angular momentum and the

electron’s self-energy is the electron’s electromagnetic field energy.”

My concept is that the spin of  J_Wv around its J_Either core is angular momentum and the electromagnetic magnetic string is the magnetic field Mod-2?

“The simplest model of electron spin is a spinning electrically charged ball, similar to the

earth rotating about its own axis. In this model, the electron’s rest energy equals the

electrostatic potential energy of a sphere of charge  e  with radius γο :”

me C^2 =  e^2 / 4πεογο                                         (1.1)

In which

γο  is the classical radius of the electron,

me  the electron’s mass.”

γο = 5.08E-17 cm computed in Excel Sp Sh not shown.

me = 9.11E -28 gm from #2BASIC nb pg 353 “College Physics”

C = 3.00E+10 cm / sec  same Reference as above.

e = 1.60E-19 Coulomb       “            “            “        “

Εο= 3.12E-14  jouls  from PG 533 physics & Excel Sp Sh

“Combine electron mass me with radius γο  and we get electron spin angular momentum :

me νγο = h / 2″                                              (1.2)

v = h / 2 (γο*me)  = 1.43E-17                  (1.3)

“Combine this with equation (1.1), thus :     (1.4)

another v = 4Πεο(c^2)h / e^2″ =  2.9979E+10  is the Correct value of  ( c ) in

this copy of Chapter 1 “What is Electron Spin” that is being modified here.

εο = v (e^2)/ 4Π(c^2)h = 1.0284E-23  Eq. (1.4) solved for εο

” And so :

v = c / α                                                         (1.5)”     Solving for α = 2.09E-7 using the

Ref. Chapter’s  first ( v ) above (α) should be the fine structure constant ?

” α is the fine structure constant :

α = e^2 / 4 Π εο h c”  = 1.000E00 which is better but greater than correct α ?

” As we know :

α ~ 1 / 137″ = 0.00729927 is the correct value for Fine Structure Constant α .

” Therefore :

v / c ~ 137″   But solving for this final v in Ref. Chapter 1 the value:( 4.10715451E+12

cm / sec ) is greater than the speed of light so there is a problem with this reasoning ?

” Based on the above model of electron spin, the classical electron velocity is much greater than the velocity of light. Why did the spinning electric charged ball model fail for electron spin? The basic assumption of the above electron spin model is that the electron’s mass originates from electric field energy.”

In my J_Wv concept mass originates from  M = E / C^2  that come from the tiny strings of “The String Theory” in J_Gamma J_Wv form in a J_Cosmic String from the nucleus of a atom to 137 of these J_Wvs that form one J_Electron J_Wv and from the J_Photons that spiral out of this J_Electron J_Wv’s crest and all these J_ws are spinning in the J_Electron.

” In our book, we have an assumption that the electron has electromagnetic origin. The the electron’s self energy is the ectron’s electric field energy, which mainly comes from electron magnetic field energy, in comparison to the electron’s magnetic field energy, the electron’s electric field energy is much smaller. This is one of the major reasons why the above electron spin model failed. “

My J_Wv concept the electrons self energy is from the J_Gamma J_Wvs 137 in a J_Cosmic J_Wv string group that forms the J_Electron.

” We no longer regard the electron as a point-like particle. Instead, we assume that electrons have-internal structure inside the electron it has continuum spherical distribution of both electric charge and magnetic charge. Based upon the charge distribution, and also according to the Gauss Laws for electric field and magnetic field, we calculate the electric field and magnetic field distribution inside the electron and then we calculate electromagnetic field energy and angular momentum-of the electron.”

The J_Wv form of the electron is not spherical but a toroidal shape. In J_Wv concept momentum and angular momentum from the tiny strings of “The String Theory” and also from the J_Photons-at the crest of J_Electron J_Wv before radiation in J_Electromagnetic spectrum of J_Ether.

” Then we make the assumption that both the electron mass and spin have electromagnetic origin. Thus-we obtain the electron’s self-energy from the electromagnetic field energy, and the electron spin from the electron’s electromagnetic field angular momentum. Then we extend our electron’s electromagnetic model to the proton and neutron, the proton and neutron also have electromagnetic origin, and we  continue our electromagnetic model to the hydrogen and helium atoms in our book.        In our book, we-also provide a possible solution for the hydrogen atom spectrum in which-the hydrogen atom spectrum is regarded as the hydrogen electromagnetic field stationary wave energy spectrum. The particles that-comprise all physical materials include electrons, protons and neutrons; all of which have electromagnetic origin. Therefore, all materials have-electromagnetic origin.”

My J_Wv concept makes the assumption that both J_Electron J_Mass and J_Spin have the J_Wvs of the tiny strings of “The String Theory” origin. The J_Ether core of these J_Wvs in a J_Cosmic String forms the J_Electromagnetic Field and the source of all energy is from the nucleus of atoms tiny strings of “The String Theory” in taking the path of least resistance form J_Wvs that form J_Quarks into the model of J_Twistor J_Protons and J_Neutrons. The J_Gamma waves are way to tiny to try and draw in the TurbuCad drawing below and its scale is 2220 times size. This is the extraordinary smsll size of  the J_Cosmic string in diameter that goes from the J_Proton and J_Neutron to the J_Electron or out into space. The core of  the J_Gamma wave is  1/137th of the core of J_Electron and forms J_Ether comming from atoms nucleus. The same is the case of the J_Photons that come from the J_Electron’s wave crest. The perception of human senses to detect the J_Gamma wave’s core would require very sophisticated new technology. This J_Cosmic J_Ether string is the medium of J_Gravity and J_Cosmic constant. The particle collider would tear the string apart so it couldn’t be observed in its true form. I will research this maybe a very special Geiger counter with other new technology could be developed. I will also research the J_Infra red waves. My concept of the intense heat of regeneration and the conserving of mass, matter and energy-took place and is taking place in a very dense volume of of space-time like in the centre of the black holes, super novas and the so-called big bang. J_Infrared  waves of the tiny strings of “The String Theory” in taking the path of least resistance radiated out from this volume. In               my research of J_Gamma waves and J_Infrared waves the question  of entanglement is conspicaulus. Like the neutrinos that penetrate every part of my body and pass through the earth and all bodies similarly J_Waves pass through systems of bodies and space-time of these objects to varying degrees. Like light J_Photons only pass through transparent objects. The enter action of J_Waves  and their cores  and J_Medium J_Ether most of the time in a given volume  of space-time and do not react  in a entanglement problematic manner. In the ageing of the differently systems though entanglement leads to the collapse of a system even the super nova that collapse into a black hole in which all J_Strings are decomposed due to this type of entanglement. 

“Chapter 2 The electric charge distribution inside of the electron; copied here from What is Electron Spin on the Internet by Jack L. Doan researching the Equations below modified for J_Electron-Wave  in Mathematica 5 then Paint before uploading with the value of the radius of  J_Wv at the crest of its torus equation at the top of the box below as well at the bottom.

“We no longer regard the electron as a point-like particle. The electron has an internal structure, and the electric charge inside the electron-has continuum distribution.”

The 2 equations  below the data input of  r = (5.29 10^-19) cm Bohr radius used in these Equations the first is referred to in next part of quote.

” Here is one of our most basic assumptions about the electron; the electric charge distribution inside of the electron has the following equation:” Modified by me in this research study.

The Greek symbol Gamma above is the of J_Electron J_Wv crest of its tours.

d

The first part of chapter 2 below is above  for  equations (2.2 ) & (2.3) and further above the first equation (2.1) which I moved to just above I will research here.starting with equations  (2.1), (2.2 ) & (2.3) :

“ Chapter  2 The electric charge distribution inside of the electron  ” What is Electron Spin from internet copy to Mathematica 5 then to MS Paint JLD

” We no longer regard the electron as a point-like particle. The electron has an internal structure, and the electric charge inside the electron has continuum distribution. “

J_Electron concept is formed by the J_Gamma Waves which have a higher frequency as they come out from a atoms neucleus in a string of J_Wvs with the J_Ether string segments of these J_Wvs moving in to the J_Protons’ and Neutrons’ J_Quarks in the direction oposite to the J_Wvs’ Crest at the speed of light. 137 J_Gamma J_Wvs quanta creates 1 J_Electron in the atom’s inner orbit and the quantum of electrical charge of the tiny strings of “The String Theory” is one electron volt distributed through the J_Electron. When the quantum is exceeded electromagnetic J_Photons in this quantum of energy and mass plus charge is radiated from the J_Electron’s J_Wv Crest if the Electron cannot move uot to a hier orbit or when it moves in to an inner orbit giving up J_Photons in the number of 137 J_Gamma waves for one J_Energy orbit level change.

” Here is one of our most basic assumptions about the electron; the electric charge distribution inside the electron has the following equatin :

Ρe (γe, Θ) = (- e / Π^2 ae^2 γ) exp(-  γ  / ae )sin Θ “

γ = e Exp Sin Θ / Π^2 ae^2

” w = E / h “  = 5.111E+5 = 1.602E-19 / 6.626E-34

” and radius of the ring is equal to

γe = (Ee / me*we)^.5 ”