Copied from Internet .hml file ? To .txt file ? 04-02-03 Jack L. Doan
Question
What is the fine-structure constant?
Asked by: Joshua Johnson
Answer
The fine-structure constant is a unitless numerical constant -
whose value is approximately equal to: 1/137. If fact the
exact value of the fine-structure constant is: 0.007297351 +/-
0.000000006. Accepted symbol for the fine-structure constant
is Greek alpha (). [Ref. 1]
What is the physical origin of this constant? Well, it is
related to the so called Fine Structure – closely spaced
groups of optical spectrum lines of elements like: hydrogen
and helium. These optical spectrum lines are in a way the
fingerprint of the element’s energy levels. Since the energy
levels of any given element are quantized (i.e. only discrete
energy levels are available) the optical spectrum appears as a
series of lines instead of a continuous spectrum. With each
such optical spectrum line one can associate three numbers:
n – the principal quantum number
l – the azimuthal quantum number
j – the angular momentum quantum number
(an additional quantum number also can be considered that will
give rise to spin-orbit interaction in atoms with more than
one electron)
Each group of spectral optical lines mentioned above has a
same n – number, but different values of l and j numbers.
According to P.A.M. Dirac’s relativistic quantum mechanics,
energy levels of a one-electron atom (hydrogen is a good
example) which have the same n and j numbers will coincide
exactly – but their value will be different from that
predicted by the Bohr’s theory by an amount that is
proportional to the square of the fine-structure constant
(alpha).
There have been deviations from Dirac’s theory discovered in
1947. Namely, the level having l=0 does not coincide with that
having l=1. This discrepancy was later named the Lamb shift
(after its discoverer Willis Lamb, Jr.) and is due to the
interaction of an electron with the zero-point fluctuations of
the electromagnetic field.
As mentioned above in a multi electron atom systems the
spin-orbit interaction becomes important too and the number of
optical spectrum lines in the groups becomes even more
numerous.
Update: August 2001 – Evidence published in the Physical
Review Letters that the fine structure constant may be
slightly different to what we believed.
Ref. 1: McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Physics, Second Edition
Answered by: Anton Skorucak, M.S. Physics, PhysLink.com
Creator
All rights reserved. 1Copyright ‘95-’02 PhysLink.com
“The electron has both an intrinsic electric electric field and an intrinsic magnetic field.
The electron’s intrinsic electromagnetic field has both energy and angular momentum.”
In Jack L. Doan’s concept angular momentum is energy also this Mod-1 ?
“In our book, we have the assumption that the electron has the electromagnetic origin,
the electron spin is the electron’s electromagnetic field angular momentum and the
electron’s self-energy is the electron’s electromagnetic field energy.”
My concept is that the spin of J_Wv around its J_Either core is angular momentum and the electromagnetic magnetic string is the magnetic field Mod-2?
“The simplest model of electron spin is a spinning electrically charged ball, similar to the
earth rotating about its own axis. In this model, the electron’s rest energy equals the
electrostatic potential energy of a sphere of charge e with radius γο :”
me C^2 = e^2 / 4πεογο (1.1)
In which
γο is the classical radius of the electron,
me the electron’s mass.”
γο = 5.08E-17 cm computed in Excel Sp Sh not shown.
me = 9.11E -28 gm from #2BASIC nb pg 353 “College Physics”
C = 3.00E+10 cm / sec same Reference as above.
e = 1.60E-19 Coulomb “ “ “ “
Εο= 3.12E-14 jouls from PG 533 physics & Excel Sp Sh
“Combine electron mass me with radius γο and we get electron spin angular momentum :
me νγο = h / 2″ (1.2)
v = h / 2 (γο*me) = 1.43E-17 (1.3)
“Combine this with equation (1.1), thus : (1.4)
another v = 4Πεο(c^2)h / e^2″ = 2.9979E+10 is the Correct value of ( c ) in
this copy of Chapter 1 “What is Electron Spin” that is being modified here.
εο = v (e^2)/ 4Π(c^2)h = 1.0284E-23 Eq. (1.4) solved for εο
” And so :
v = c / α (1.5)” Solving for α = 2.09E-7 using the
Ref. Chapter’s first ( v ) above (α) should be the fine structure constant ?
” α is the fine structure constant :
α = e^2 / 4 Π εο h c” = 1.000E00 which is better but greater than correct α ?
” As we know :
α ~ 1 / 137″ = 0.00729927 is the correct value for Fine Structure Constant α .
” Therefore :
v / c ~ 137″ But solving for this final v in Ref. Chapter 1 the value:( 4.10715451E+12
cm / sec ) is greater than the speed of light so there is a problem with this reasoning ?
” Based on the above model of electron spin, the classical electron velocity is much greater than the velocity of light. Why did the spinning electric charged ball model fail for electron spin? The basic assumption of the above electron spin model is that the electron’s mass originates from electric field energy.”
In my J_Wv concept mass originates from M = E / C^2 that come from the tiny strings of “The String Theory” in J_Gamma J_Wv form in a J_Cosmic String from the nucleus of a atom to 137 of these J_Wvs that form one J_Electron J_Wv and from the J_Photons that spiral out of this J_Electron J_Wv’s crest and all these J_ws are spinning in the J_Electron.
” In our book, we have an assumption that the electron has electromagnetic origin. The the electron’s self energy is the ectron’s electric field energy, which mainly comes from electron magnetic field energy, in comparison to the electron’s magnetic field energy, the electron’s electric field energy is much smaller. This is one of the major reasons why the above electron spin model failed. “
My J_Wv concept the electrons self energy is from the J_Gamma J_Wvs 137 in a J_Cosmic J_Wv string group that forms the J_Electron.
” We no longer regard the electron as a point-like particle. Instead, we assume that electrons have-internal structure inside the electron it has continuum spherical distribution of both electric charge and magnetic charge. Based upon the charge distribution, and also according to the Gauss Laws for electric field and magnetic field, we calculate the electric field and magnetic field distribution inside the electron and then we calculate electromagnetic field energy and angular momentum-of the electron.”
The J_Wv form of the electron is not spherical but a toroidal shape. In J_Wv concept momentum and angular momentum from the tiny strings of “The String Theory” and also from the J_Photons-at the crest of J_Electron J_Wv before radiation in J_Electromagnetic spectrum of J_Ether.
” Then we make the assumption that both the electron mass and spin have electromagnetic origin. Thus-we obtain the electron’s self-energy from the electromagnetic field energy, and the electron spin from the electron’s electromagnetic field angular momentum. Then we extend our electron’s electromagnetic model to the proton and neutron, the proton and neutron also have electromagnetic origin, and we continue our electromagnetic model to the hydrogen and helium atoms in our book. In our book, we-also provide a possible solution for the hydrogen atom spectrum in which-the hydrogen atom spectrum is regarded as the hydrogen electromagnetic field stationary wave energy spectrum. The particles that-comprise all physical materials include electrons, protons and neutrons; all of which have electromagnetic origin. Therefore, all materials have-electromagnetic origin.”
My J_Wv concept makes the assumption that both J_Electron J_Mass and J_Spin have the J_Wvs of the tiny strings of “The String Theory” origin. The J_Ether core of these J_Wvs in a J_Cosmic String forms the J_Electromagnetic Field and the source of all energy is from the nucleus of atoms tiny strings of “The String Theory” in taking the path of least resistance form J_Wvs that form J_Quarks into the model of J_Twistor J_Protons and J_Neutrons. The J_Gamma waves are way to tiny to try and draw in the TurbuCad drawing below and its scale is 2220 times size. This is the extraordinary smsll size of the J_Cosmic string in diameter that goes from the J_Proton and J_Neutron to the J_Electron or out into space. The core of the J_Gamma wave is 1/137th of the core of J_Electron and forms J_Ether comming from atoms nucleus. The same is the case of the J_Photons that come from the J_Electron’s wave crest. The perception of human senses to detect the J_Gamma wave’s core would require very sophisticated new technology. This J_Cosmic J_Ether string is the medium of J_Gravity and J_Cosmic constant. The particle collider would tear the string apart so it couldn’t be observed in its true form. I will research this maybe a very special Geiger counter with other new technology could be developed. I will also research the J_Infra red waves. My concept of the intense heat of regeneration and the conserving of mass, matter and energy-took place and is taking place in a very dense volume of of space-time like in the centre of the black holes, super novas and the so-called big bang. J_Infrared waves of the tiny strings of “The String Theory” in taking the path of least resistance radiated out from this volume. In my research of J_Gamma waves and J_Infrared waves the question of entanglement is conspicaulus. Like the neutrinos that penetrate every part of my body and pass through the earth and all bodies similarly J_Waves pass through systems of bodies and space-time of these objects to varying degrees. Like light J_Photons only pass through transparent objects. The enter action of J_Waves and their cores and J_Medium J_Ether most of the time in a given volume of space-time and do not react in a entanglement problematic manner. In the ageing of the differently systems though entanglement leads to the collapse of a system even the super nova that collapse into a black hole in which all J_Strings are decomposed due to this type of entanglement.
